Grand Piano Construction
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coverThe Piano Book By Larry Fine. The Piano Book is the standard consumer reference in the piano business in the United States and Canada and the only book of its kind. It contains: -Exceptionally candid brand-by-brand reviews of new and recently-manufactured pianos -Sales gimmicks to watch out for--and the real differences in piano quality and features -How to negotiate the best deal -Tips on finding, inspecting, appraising, and buying a used piano -Special section on buying an older Steinway or Mason & Hamlin -Piano moving, storage, tuning, and servicing -How pianos work




Annual Supplement to the Piano Book 2007-2008
By Larry Fine. This Annual Supplement to The Piano Book fills that gap by supplying "list prices" for most piano brands and models, plus advice on how to estimate actual "street prices." Updated general information about manufacturers and models is also included. -List Prices For More Than 2,500 New Piano Models -Advice on How to Estimate Actual "Street Prices" -Updated General Information on Manufacturers and Models

coverPiano Servicing, Tuning and Rebuilding By Arthur A. Reblitz. This book is the classic manual for Piano Technicians and enthusiasts the world over. Here is all the information essential to the art of restoring and maintaining a piano; from minor repairs and cleaning to major tuning and complete restoration techniques. A fine, specific reference, with hundreds of illustrations and photos.







Player Piano: Servicing and Rebuilding By Arthur A. Reblitz. A superb book. This is the most comprehensive book on the subject ever written. A must-read for any player-piano owner. Even if you don't intend to do restoration work yourself, you'll find this book useful and informative. Lots of illustrations and interesting historical information.

The American Reed Organ and the Harmonium: A Treatise on Its History, Restoration and Tuning, With Descriptions of Some Outstanding Collections by Robert F. Gellerman Covers the history, construction, manufacturing, tuning, restoration, and music of these classic American and European parlor instruments.

Art of Organ Building (Volume 1 of 2) by George A. Audsley

The Art of Organ Voicing by L.G. Monette

coverThe Clavichord (Cambridge Musical Texts and Monographs) by Bernard Brauchli, Christopher Hogwood Begins with the origin of the clavichord (Monochord) to the 19th century revival. Comes with beautiful pictures of the clavichord along with monographs. This is the most elaborate and sought out book for all clavichord enthusiasts.




Downright Upright By Wayne Kelly The fascinating history of the Canadian piano industry. It includes a buyer's guide and a Canadian piano atlas (serial numbers with corresponding dates of manufacture).

Early Keyboard Instruments: A Practical Guide by David Rowland

Encyclopedia of the Piano by Robert Palmieri (Editor), Margaret W. Palmieri (Editor) Performers, teachers, scholars and general readers will appreciate this in-depth review of the piano, which includes over 600 alphabetically-arranged articles written by international contributors who comment on piano history, composition problems, and key piano developments.

Gellerman's International Reed Organ Atlas by Robert R. Gellerman, Robert F. Gellerman Classic reference work is a must for collectors and aficionados of reed organs. Complete listing and brief history of every manufacturer of reed organs in the world. Since publication of the first edition, hundreds of new names and historical facts have come to light and are included in this revised edition. 89 illustrations. 104 photos.

Giraffes, Black Dragons, and Other Pianos: A Technological History from Cristofori to the Modern Concert Grand by Edwin M. Good Lavishly illustrated book treats the history of the piano from its invention in 1700s to the present in terms of its technology. Looking at the technologies of design, materials, and manufacture, and focusing its description on specific existing pianos, it describes the changes in pianos from the earliest days to contemporary instruments.

A Guide to the Harpsichord by Ann Bond Care, maintenance & tuning of the instrument are covered here along with a discussion of articulation, ornamentation, repertoire, and performance practice.

Guide to the Pianist's Repertoire by Maurice Hinson

coverThe Harpsichord Owner's Guide: A Manual for Buyers and Owners by Edward L. Kottick A cheerful, practical, clear, concise, up-to-date guide to buying, maintaining, and tuning this instrument that includes a short history and discussion of the different types of harpsichord and their use in different kinds of music.




The History of the English Organ by Stephen Bicknell Highly readable and lavishly illustrated work describes the history of organs built in England from AD 900 to the present day.

The History of the Organ in the United States by Orpha Caroline Ochse

Keyboard Music of Black Composers: A Bibliography by Aaron Horne (Compiler)

The Language of the Classical French Organ: A Musical Tradition Before 1800 by Fenner Douglass This authoritative study of the French classical organ is a major source for the interpretation of early French organ music. For this new edition, the author has added a chapter on touch in early French organs and its importance for practice.

coverMakers of the Piano: 1820-1860 by Martha Novak Clinkscale Overview of early pianos. Approximately 2,400 makers and manufacturers and about 2,200 pianos are listed. Of this total, about 645 are English, the majority of whom were active in London.





The Making of the Victorian Organ by Nicholas Thistlethwaite Between 1820 and 1870 a number of influences combined to bring about a radical transformation in the design and use of English organs. This important book provides a comprehensive survey of English organ building during these most innovative fifty years in its history. It is richly illustrated with photographs and specially drawn diagrams and contains an invaluable appendix of organ specifications. This is a documentary source book and history which will be indispensable for all those, professionals or amateurs, who have an interest in the organ.

The Manual of Harmonics by Nicomachus, Flora R. Levin (Translator) The first complete translation of the Pythagorean philosopher Nicomachus of Gerasa. It is a concise and well organized introduction to the study of harmonics and contains an extensive commentary which explains the principles of Pythagorean harmony.

The Modern Classical Organ: A Guide to Its Physical and Musical Structure and Performance Implications by Thomas Donahue Examines the functional and structural elements of organs built since the mid-1990s according to the classical principles of 16th-18th century organbuilding. The interdisciplinary approach provides interesting information for both instrument makers and musicians, and for researchers in those fields.

Music and the Power of Sound: The Influence of Tuning and Interval on Consciousness by Alain Danielou Compares the basic scale structures of India, China, and ancient Greece, relating each to the philosophical worldview of its parent culture.

Musical Acoustics by Donald E. Hall Presents a unique opportunity to see science and art working together. This book is a balanced presentation of all aspects of musical acoustics. It explains how our ears and brains interpret musical events, and connects traditional physical analyses to musical reality.

coverMusical Temperaments by Erich Neuwirth This multimedia product (book and CD-ROM) lets the reader investigate the mathematical foundations of musical tuning systems as theory and as audible experience. The embedded acoustical examples help to establish immediate connection between the formulas and the acoustical characteristics of different musical scales. The musical temperaments covered in the document are Pure, Pythagorean, Meantone, and Equal, the historically most important tuning systems. For each one of these temperaments the construction principles are explained in detail and with interactive visual aids...

Organ and Harpsichord Music by Women Composers: An Annotated Catalog by Adel Heinrich (Compiler) Catalogs music for organ and harpsichord written by more than 700 women composers from 40 countries. Compiler Heinrich has expanded the organ and harpsichord repertoire to include choir and instruments accompanying organ and harpsichord. She provides detailed information about each work. In addition to biographies for each woman, Heinrich supplies listings of individual compositions, and includes descriptions and sources whenever possible.

The Pianist's Bookshelf: A Practical Guide to Books, Videos, and Other Resources by Maurice Hinson Surveying nearly 700 books and videos (including some of his own materials in both formats) published since 1987, Hinson has created a unique and valuable tool for teachers, students, performers, and library materials selectors interested in current developments in piano literature.

Pierce Piano Atlas Published by Larry E. Ashley The piano industry's definitive reference on researcing the age of pianos. Includes nearly 12,000 names of piano makers, piano serial numbers, dates of manufacture, factory location and other pertinent information.

Pianos and Their Makers by Alfred Dolge This famous paperback, written by one of the greatest industrialists ever to be involved in piano manufacturing, tells all about the history of the piano business prior to 1911. Over 300 illustrations.

Piano Tuning: A Simple and Accurate Method for Amateurs by Jerry Cree Fischer

coverPiano, the Instrument: An Annotated Bibliography by Michiko Ishiyama Wolcott Organized into six sections by topic: general information, history, builders and manufactures, construction, maintenance and repair, and miscellaneous subjects. The first section lists works containing general information, including but not limited to, books and articles covering a wide range of topics, introductory materials, and serial titles. The second section covers the history on piano and is arranged by country. The section on builders and manufacturers is arranged by name of builder or manufacturer. The sections on construction and maintenance are arranged by parts of the piano. The section on miscellaneous subjects includes catalogs for collections of instruments, works about pedal pianos, pianos associated with composers, selection and purchase, works intended for younger readers, and works about other miscellaneous topics not included above. Readers are referred to the subject index for further cross-referencing. Referencing literature on every aspect of the piano, this annotated bibliography will cut down on research time for scholars and students, directing them to the most relevant and useful sources. No music library should be without it.

Pianos: Care & Restoration by Eric Smith

Reproducing Pianos: Past and Present by Kent A. Holliday

The Science of Music by Robin MacOnie Uncovers the hidden role of musical acoustics in the formulation of key concepts of science and philosophy from ancient Greece to modern times. Underlying subjects as diverse as: Pythagoras's theorem, Plato's city state, mysteries of religion, myth, and folklore, theories of the mind, and key insights of Newton, Freud, and Einstein.

Temperament: The Idea That Solved Music's Greatest Riddle by Stuart M. Isacoff Involving mathematics, philosophy, aesthetics, religion, politics, and physics, Stuart Isacoff's Temperament invokes the tone of a James Burke documentary. However, the focus is not on a modern invention, but rather a modern convention: that of tuning keyboards so that every key is equally in tune--and equally out of tune.

Theory and Practice in Piano Construction by William Braid White

Theory and Practice of Pianoforte Building by William Braid White

Three Centuries of Harpsichord Making by F. T. Hubbard

Treatise on Harpsichord Tuning by Jean Denis, Vincent J., Jr. Panetta (Editor)




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(1) Frame- also called the plate or harp, this cast iron frame supports an enormous amount of stress exerted by the strings. The average upright or medium-sized grand piano's strings have a combined pull of about 18 tons (16,300 kg). The tension in a 9 foot concert grand is close to 30 tons!

(2)
Soundboard- the sound of a string vibrating is pretty feeble on its own. In a piano, it is amplified by this large, thin wooden diaphragm glued around its perimeter. The soundboard is usually made from Sitka spruce, planed to about 3/8" thick. This wood has just the right balance of stiffness and flexibility to effectively transmit sound. The soundboard is also crowned, or bowed slightly upward towards the strings which helps it to maintain compression. This makes it more vibrant, and keeps it from caving in under the pressure from the strings.

(3)
Strings- there are over 200 strings in a piano. Each treble note usually has 3 strings, the upper bass notes have 2, and the lower bass notes have only 1. This is because the higher notes are made of thinner strings. If they only had 1 string per note, they would be overpowered by the thicker and louder bass notes. Treble strings are made of steel. Bass notes have a steel core, with a copper winding. This allows the string to vibrate freely while having enough thickness to produce the low note. To conserve space and fit the longest possible bass strings into a cabinet, modern pianos have the bass strings crossing diagonally over the treble strings.

(4)
Action- the sensitive inner mechanism of the piano translates all the nuances of your playing to the hammers that hit the strings. There are many thousands of parts consisting of materials like wood, paper, cloth, felt buckskin, brass, plastic and steel that must work together in a precise chain reaction, with accuracy as high as a thousandth of an inch. For this reason, regulation of these moving parts is essential for evenness, speed,  power and control. Periodic adjustments must be made to compensate for wear, compacting of cloth and felt, and changes in wooden parts due to atmospheric conditions that come most noticeably with the change in seasons.

(5)
Pedals- pianos usually have 2 or 3 pedals that perform special operations like sustaining or softening the sound of the piano. They are connected to the action by a series of levers, dowels and springs called the trapwork. Considered to be part of the piano action, they too need to be regulated in order to function properly.

(6)
Case- the rim of a grand piano is the wooden framework to which the plate is bolted and the soundboard is glued. The rim is in 2 parts: the inner rim and the outer rim. The plate and soundboard are attached to the inner rim. On some of the best pianos, the inner and outer rim are made as one piece to provide a stronger foundation for both structure and sound. Other pianos add the outer rim later. Different manufacturers use different woods such as laminated maple, spruce and beech.

(7)
Pinblock- this is a laminated plank made of a hardwood such as maple or beech that runs the width of the piano and is attached to the plate and inner rim. Embedded in holes in the pinblock are steel tuning pins, around each of which is coiled one end of a piano string. The pinblock has to hold the tuning pins tightly enough by friction alone, so that the strings maintain their proper tension without slipping.

(8)
Bridge- strings pass over wooden bridges- a long curved one for the treble and a shorter one for the bass strings- which transmit vibrations of the strings to the soundboard. Steel bridge pins are driven into the bridges to keep the strings in place, to aid in sound transmission and to cleanly terminate the vibrating portion of the string (much like a guitar player's finger would press down on the fretboard). The other end of the string terminates at the plate near the tuning pins. Bridges must be well constructed, both to transmit sound properly and to avoid splitting under the hundreds of pounds of downward pressure exerted by the strings. Most bridges are made of maple or beech, either solid or laminated, sometimes with a top layer, or cap.
                            
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